Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) Monograph

Tongkat Ali

Herb Name: Tongkat Ali

Botanical Name:Eurycoma longifolia

Family: Simaroubaceae

Common English Name: Tongkat Ali

Other Names: Longjack, Tongkat Ali (Malay: تونکات علي), Pasak Bumi (Indonesian: Pasak Bumi), Plali (Thai: ปราเล), Cây Bá Bệnh (Vietnamese: Cây Bá Bệnh), ຮ່ອງຕົງ (Lao: ຮ່ອງຕົງ), ត្រកួន (Khmer: ត្រកួន)

Part Used: Root

Ethnobotanical Origin: Traditional Malay and Indonesian Medicine

Native Growing Regions: Southeast Asia, primarily Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand

Therapeutic Categories: Aphrodisiac, adaptogen, energy tonic, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory

Pharmacological Actions: Adaptogenic, aphrodisiac, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective

Major Therapeutic Constituents: Quassinoids (eurycomanone, eurycomanol, eurycomalactone), β-carboline alkaloids, squalene derivatives, glycosaponins

Botanical Description

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is a slender, slow-growing evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 10 meters (33 feet). The tree features compound, pinnate leaves that can grow up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in length, each comprising 20-40 pairs of lanceolate leaflets. These leaflets are arranged alternately and exhibit a glossy, dark green coloration. The plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers ranging in color from greenish-white to reddish, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees. The male flowers are typically larger and more numerous compared to the female ones. The root, highly valued for its medicinal properties, is the most utilized part of the plant. It is typically long, woody, and bitter in taste, containing numerous bioactive compounds that contribute to its therapeutic effects. The bark of the tree is smooth and grayish, while the fruit, which is rarely harvested, is small, oval, and turns reddish-brown upon ripening.

Ethnobotanical History

Tongkat Ali has been traditionally used for centuries in Southeast Asia, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. Renowned for its potent aphrodisiac properties, it is often employed to enhance male virility and libido. Additionally, it has been used to treat a variety of ailments, including fevers, bacterial infections, and fatigue. The root of Tongkat Ali is typically boiled and consumed as a decoction or incorporated into traditional herbal formulas.

Traditional Uses in Malay and Indonesian Medicine

In traditional Malay and Indonesian medicine, Tongkat Ali is prized for its ability to enhance physical strength and stamina. It is commonly used to treat conditions such as erectile dysfunction, low libido, and male infertility. Beyond its aphrodisiac properties, Tongkat Ali is also utilized to combat malaria, as its bitter compounds are believed to possess anti-malarial effects.

The Three Colors of Tongkat Ali

The classification of Tongkat Ali by color is crucial for identifying authentic Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) and distinguishing it from similar but botanically unrelated plants that may also be referred to as Tongkat Ali.

White and Yellow Tongkat Ali

• Botanical Identity: Eurycoma longifolia Jack
• Characteristics: The beneficial properties are derived from the light-colored bark of the roots, resulting in a yellowish extract.
• Local Names: In Malay and Indonesian, known as Bedara Putih (White Tongkat Ali) and Pasak Bumi Kuning (Yellow Tongkat Ali).

Black Tongkat Ali

• Botanical Identity: Polyalthia bullata
• Characteristics: Not botanically related to Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Often misidentified as Tongkat Ali.
• Local Names: Known as Pasak Bumi Hitam in Malay and Indonesian.
• Note: While it may have phytotherapeutic benefits, it lacks the extensive historical use and scientific evidence associated with Eurycoma longifolia Jack.

Red Tongkat Ali

• Botanical Identity: Uncertain; sometimes identified as Stema tuberosa (not confirmed).
• Characteristics: Very little is known, and it may not exist as a distinct plant.
• Local Names: Known as Pasak Bumi Merah in Malay and Indonesian.
• Note: Further research is required to determine its existence, safety, and effectiveness.

Historical Texts

Tongkat Ali is referenced in various traditional medical texts and folklore. It is often highlighted in ethnobotanical studies and traditional medical practices in Southeast Asia. Although not part of the ancient Chinese pharmacopeia, it holds a significant place in the traditional medicine of the Malay Archipelago.

Cultural and Symbolic Significance

Tongkat Ali holds a revered position in Southeast Asian cultures, often associated with strength and virility. It is sometimes referred to as "Malaysian Ginseng" due to its widespread use as a health tonic and its reputation for boosting energy and vitality.

Modern Research

Modern scientific research has validated many traditional uses of Tongkat Ali. Studies have demonstrated its adaptogenic, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac properties. Research highlights include its ability to elevate testosterone levels, improve male reproductive health, reduce stress, and enhance immune function.

Five Element Theory and Interpretation

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is primarily associated with the Fire element due to its stimulating and invigorating properties. Within the Five Element model, the Fire element is linked to the Heart and Small Intestine zangfu organs, governing circulation, vitality, and enthusiasm.

Tongkat Ali's adaptogenic and aphrodisiac qualities align with these attributes, enhancing energy levels, promoting emotional well-being, and providing resilience against stress.

Alignment with the Five Phases:

• Element: Fire
• Season: Summer
• Organs: Heart, Small Intestine
• Spirit: Shen (神)

The Fire Element Qualities of Tongkat Ali

Stimulation and Invigoration

Tongkat Ali's ability to stimulate and invigorate the body and mind parallels the Fire element’s role in fostering enthusiasm and vitality. This herb enhances yang energy, which is crucial for maintaining active and dynamic physiological functions.

Emotional Well-being

By supporting the Heart, Tongkat Ali helps maintain emotional balance and promote a positive outlook. In Classical Chinese Medicine (CCM), the Heart houses the Shen, or Spirit. Tongkat Ali’s effects on emotional stability and mental clarity support the harmonious functioning of the Shen.

Circulatory Support

The tonic properties of Tongkat Ali enhance circulation and overall energy levels, reflecting the Fire element's association with the cardiovascular system. Improved blood flow and increased vitality contribute to sustained physical performance and stamina.

Stress Resilience

Tongkat Ali's adaptogenic properties help the body adapt to stress, reducing anxiety and promoting mental clarity. This aligns with the Fire element’s role in maintaining mental stability and the balance of the Shen, reinforcing emotional and psychological resilience.

Five Element Theory and Ayurveda Interpretation

In Ayurveda, Tongkat Ali can be understood to balance Vata and Kapha doshas due to its warming and stimulating properties. Its bitter taste (rasa) and heating energy (virya) help enhance digestion and metabolism, aligning with its anabolic effects. The herb’s post-digestive effect (vipaka) is likely pungent, further supporting its role in promoting vitality and energy.

Integrating the Five Element Theory with Ayurvedic principles, Tongkat Ali’s Wood element attributes align with Pitta’s transformative energy, enhancing both physical and mental strength.

Doshas

Tongkat Ali primarily balances Vata and Kapha doshas. Its heating nature helps to energize and invigorate the body while stabilizing the erratic qualities of Vata and counteracting the lethargy of Kapha.

• Rasa (Taste): Bitter
• Virya (Energy): Heating
• Vipaka (Post-digestive effect): Pungent

Ayurvedic Qualities and Actions

Adaptogenic

In Ayurveda, Tongkat Ali is considered a potent adaptogen (Rasayana), aiding the body in coping with stress and restoring balance to the nervous system. Its heating virya invigorates the body and stabilizes Vata, promoting resilience against physical and mental stressors.

Strength and Vitality

Tongkat Ali is used to enhance strength and vitality, mirroring its role in Chinese medicine. By increasing ojas (vital essence) and improving overall physical performance and stamina, it aligns with the rejuvenative and strengthening aspects of the Fire element.

Rejuvenation

This herb promotes longevity and rejuvenates the body, aligning with the Fire element's invigorating and stimulating qualities. It supports the maintenance of agni (digestive fire), ensuring optimal metabolism and vitality.

Mental Clarity

Tongkat Ali enhances mental clarity and focus, reducing anxiety and promoting a calm, clear mind. This property is crucial for maintaining sattva (purity and clarity of mind), aligning with the Fire element’s role in supporting emotional stability and the Shen in the Five Elements model of Chinese medicine.ne.

Reproductive Health

Tongkat Ali supports reproductive health, enhancing libido and sexual performance. This corresponds with the Fire element’s role in maintaining overall health and balance, particularly in reproductive and hormonal functions.

Scientific Research, Modern Understandings, and Contemporary Applications

Adaptogen

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is recognized for its adaptogenic properties, helping the body cope with stress by modulating the release of stress hormones such as cortisol. Studies have demonstrated that Tongkat Ali supplementation can significantly reduce cortisol levels, promoting a state of calm and relaxation. For example, a study by Talbott et al. (2013) showed that Tongkat Ali reduced cortisol levels by up to 16% in stressed individuals, effectively mitigating the effects of chronic stress and improving overall well-being (Talbott et al., 2013).

Anti-inflammatory

The anti-inflammatory properties of Tongkat Ali are well-documented. It contains bioactive compounds such as quassinoids (eurycomanone, eurycomanol, eurycomalactone) that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation. Research by Fiaschetti et al. (2011) indicated that Tongkat Ali extracts could significantly lower levels of inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α and IL-6, which are associated with various inflammatory conditions. This makes Tongkat Ali a valuable herb for managing chronic inflammatory diseases and reducing the risk of inflammation-related health issues (Fiaschetti et al., 2011).

Antioxidant

Tongkat Ali exhibits significant antioxidant effects, which help protect cells from oxidative stress and free radical damage. The herb boosts the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, enhancing the body's natural defense mechanisms. A study by Ismail et al. (2012) demonstrated that Tongkat Ali extract increased antioxidant enzyme activities and reduced oxidative stress markers in treated subjects. These properties make Tongkat Ali a valuable ally in combating cellular damage associated with aging, cardiovascular diseases, and other chronic conditions (Ismail et al., 2012).

Immune Support

Tongkat Ali is known to modulate the immune system, enhancing its overall function. It stimulates the production of white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes, and increases the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, which play a crucial role in the body's defense against infections and cancer. Bhat et al. (2011) found that Tongkat Ali supplementation improved immune responses, including increased NK cell activity and enhanced lymphocyte proliferation. This makes Tongkat Ali beneficial for overall immune support and in preventing infections (Bhat et al., 2011).

Nervine Tonic

Tongkat Ali supports the nervous system, improving cognitive function and potentially reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. It promotes neurogenesis (the growth of new nerve cells) and protects existing neurons from damage. A study by Khanijo et al. (2016) showed that Tongkat Ali improved memory, executive function, attention, and information processing speed in treated individuals. Its anxiolytic and antidepressant effects are also notable, making it a natural alternative to standard pharmaceuticals for managing anxiety and depression without the associated side effects (Khanijo et al., 2016).

Endocrine Support

Tongkat Ali is celebrated for its ability to enhance testosterone production in men, supporting reproductive health and vitality. It influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, stimulating the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), which promotes testosterone production in the Leydig cells of the testes. Studies have shown that Tongkat Ali can increase testosterone levels, improve sperm quality and motility, and enhance overall male reproductive health (Tambi et al., 2010). Additionally, Tongkat Ali helps balance other hormones and supports endocrine health, making it beneficial for overall hormonal regulation (Tambi et al., 2010).

Research Highlight: Tongkat Ali and Testosterone

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is widely recognized for its ability to boost testosterone levels and improve male reproductive health. The body of evidence supporting Tongkat Ali's role in enhancing testosterone levels and male reproductive health is robust and compelling.

Regular supplementation with Tongkat Ali can lead to significant improvements in testosterone levels, sperm quality, and overall reproductive function. Its efficacy makes it a valuable alternative to conventional hormone replacement therapies, particularly for men seeking to improve their reproductive health through natural means.

Mechanism of Action: Tongkat Ali and Testosterone

Tongkat Ali enhances testosterone production through several mechanisms. It influences the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, stimulating the release of luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn promotes the production of testosterone in the Leydig cells of the testes.

Additionally, Tongkat Ali contains compounds that can inhibit the conversion of testosterone to estrogen by blocking the aromatase enzyme, further contributing to higher testosterone levels.

Research Findings

Sperm Count and Motility:

Several studies have reported that Tongkat Ali supplementation can lead to significant increases in sperm count and motility. This is crucial for improving male fertility, particularly in individuals experiencing subfertility or infertility issues.

Sperm Quality:

Enhanced sperm quality, including better morphology and increased viability, has been documented in men taking Tongkat Ali. This improvement in sperm parameters contributes to higher chances of successful conception.

Overall Reproductive Health:

In addition to its effects on testosterone and sperm parameters, Tongkat Ali has been shown to have a positive impact on overall male reproductive health. It has been reported to alleviate symptoms of erectile dysfunction, enhance libido, and improve overall sexual satisfaction. These benefits are attributed to the combined effects of increased testosterone levels, improved blood flow, and enhanced psychological well-being.

Research Highlight: Tongkat Ali and Dopamine

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) has traditionally been used to enhance libido, reduce stress, and boost overall vitality. Recent studies have also explored its impact on neurotransmitters such as dopamine, which plays a crucial role in mood regulation, motivation, and cognitive function.

Research indicates that Tongkat Ali can elevate dopamine levels, thereby improving mood and reducing stress. A study published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2013 found that Tongkat Ali supplementation led to significant increases in dopamine levels without significantly affecting other neurotransmitters like serotonin or noradrenaline. These findings suggest that Tongkat Ali could be effective for individuals experiencing stress, mild depression, or cognitive challenges such as brain fog and lack of motivation (Talbott et al., 2013).

Additionally, a 2019 study demonstrated that oral administration of Tongkat Ali to male rats resulted in a significant elevation of both cortical and hippocampal dopamine content while not affecting serotonin or noradrenaline levels, thus supporting its role in improving mood and cognitive function (Ezzat et al., 2019).

Mechanism of Action: Tongkat Ali and Dopamine

Dopamine is vital for the brain's reward system, influencing pleasure, motivation, and attention. Tongkat Ali appears to enhance dopamine levels in specific brain regions such as the cortex and hippocampus. This increase in dopamine levels can contribute to improved mood, motivation, and cognitive function. The enhancement of dopamine is likely due to the herb’s active compounds, such as eurycomanone, which has been shown to significantly impact neurotransmitter regulation.

Research Findings

Benefits for Stress and Mood:

The adaptogenic properties of Tongkat Ali, which help regulate cortisol levels (the primary stress hormone), also contribute to its beneficial effects on dopamine. By reducing cortisol and increasing dopamine, Tongkat Ali helps create a more balanced hormonal environment, leading to improved mood, reduced anxiety, and enhanced cognitive function. This dual action of lowering stress hormones and boosting dopamine provides a comprehensive approach to managing stress and improving overall mental health.

Research Highlight: Tongkat Ali and Stress Reduction

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) has garnered attention for its ability to reduce stress and improve mood, thanks to its adaptogenic properties. Adaptogens are a unique class of herbs that enhance the body's resilience to stress and help maintain homeostasis by modulating hormonal responses.

A pivotal study conducted by Talbott et al. (2013) investigated the effects of Tongkat Ali supplementation on stress and mood. This double-blind, placebo-controlled study involved participants who reported moderate stress levels and were administered Tongkat Ali extract daily for four weeks (Talbott et al., 2013).

Mechanism of Action: Tongkat Ali and Stress Reduction

Tongkat Ali helps regulate the release of cortisol, a hormone released in response to stress. Elevated cortisol levels over prolonged periods can lead to numerous health issues, including anxiety, depression, and impaired cognitive function. By modulating cortisol levels, Tongkat Ali promotes a more balanced hormonal environment, thereby reducing the negative impacts of stress on the body and mind.

Research Findings

Cortisol Reduction:

The study found that participants who took Tongkat Ali experienced a significant reduction in cortisol levels compared to the placebo group. On average, cortisol levels decreased by 16%.

Improved Mood:

Participants also reported improvements in mood parameters. Those who took Tongkat Ali noted reduced feelings of tension, anger, and confusion, indicating enhanced emotional well-being.

Enhanced Stress Tolerance:

The study observed that Tongkat Ali helped increase the participants' ability to tolerate and manage stress, demonstrating its adaptogenic properties.

Key Beneficial Compounds in Tongkat Ali:

Quassinoids

These compounds, including eurycomanone, eurycomanol, and eurycomalactone, exhibit anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac effects.

β-carboline Alkaloids

These alkaloids have anxiolytic and neuroprotective properties.

Squalene Derivatives

These compounds contribute to Tongkat Ali’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Glycosaponins

These saponins enhance the bioavailability of other compounds and support overall health and well-being.

Eurycomanone and Testosterone

Eurycomanone is one of the principal quassinoids found in Tongkat Ali, and it is primarily responsible for the herb's aphrodisiac and testosterone-boosting properties. Research has demonstrated that eurycomanone increases testosterone levels by stimulating the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and enhancing the conversion of pregnenolone to testosterone.

Eurycomanone also helps improve sperm quality and motility, contributing to overall male reproductive health (Tambi et al., 2010; Ismail et al., 2012).

Dosage

General Guidelines

• Powder: 200-300 mg daily
• Capsules: 200-300 mg, 1-2 times daily
• Tincture: 1-2 mL, 2-3 times daily

• Decoction: 1 cup, 1-2 times daily

Dosages may vary based on individual needs, extractions and preparations, and specific formulations. Always consult with a healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.

Major Formulas

Formula: Tongkat Ali Energy Tonic

Origin: Ayurveda and Southeast Asian medicine practices.

Description: An original interpretation of a traditional formulation combining Tongkat Ali with other synergistic herbs to enhance energy, vitality, and overall health.

Ingredients and Formula

• Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) root powder – 3 parts
• Ginseng (Panax ginseng) root powder – 2 parts
• Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root powder – 2 parts
• Maca (Lepidium meyenii) root powder – 1 part
• Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root powder – 1 part

Usage

Traditionally taken as a decoction or mixed with warm water or milk. The typical dose is 1-2 teaspoons once or twice daily.

Benefits

• Energy Enhancement: Boosts physical and mental energy levels.
• Adaptogenic: Helps the body adapt to stress.
• Rejuvenating: Promotes overall vitality and strength.
• Hormonal Balance: Supports endocrine health, including reproductive health.

This formulation is based on traditional Ayurvedic and Southeast Asian medicine practices.