Documenting the Western Phytotherapeutic Uses and Benefits of Pine Pollen
In recent years, Pine Pollen has rightfully earned its place as a botanical treasure, bridging time-honored herbal traditions with modern wellness practices and scientific exploration. Celebrated for its adaptogenic properties and naturally occurring phytoandrogens, Pine Pollen offers a sophisticated nutritional profile that supports vitality, hormonal balance, and holistic well-being.
This article examines the phytotherapeutic applications of Pine Pollen from the perspective of Western herbalism. By weaving together historical context, modern research, and practical applications, it highlights Pine Pollen’s significant role in contemporary approaches to health, wellness, and vitality. For insights into its role in Chinese medicine, see our articles Chinese Medicine Perspective on Pine Pollen and The Chinese Medicine Ethnobotanical History of Pine Pollen.
Table of Contents
The Symbolism of Pine Pollen in Nature’s Reawakening
Key Applications of Pine Pollen in Western Herbalism
Key Health Benefits of Pine Pollen in Western Herbalism
Pine Pollen and Testosterone: Supporting Androgenic Hormone Health
Scientific Research on Pine Pollen and Testosterone
Beyond Proandrogenics: Key Research Studies on Pine Pollen
Nutritional Analysis of Pine Pollen
Integrating Pine Pollen into Your Health Practices
The Symbolism of Pine Pollen in Nature’s Reawakening
As winter loosens its hold, the forest awakens in quiet anticipation, led by the enduring presence of the pine tree. Among the first to stir, the pine releases its golden pollen—a delicate cascade carried on the wind, settling gently over the forest floor. This dusting of pollen heralds renewal, a promise of transformation woven into the rhythm of the natural world. Pine Pollen is the nectar of the forest.
Pine Pollen embodies renewal, resilience, and vitality. It serves as nature’s reminder that strength emerges from stillness, that life flourishes when conditions align. The pine tree’s cycle of release and renewal reflects the gift Pine Pollen offers—a tonic from the natural world that supports restoration, invigoration, and reconnection with our innate vitality.
To incorporate Pine Pollen is to partake in this timeless cycle of renewal. It invites us to align with the natural rhythms of the world, nurturing both body and spirit. Within the nectar of the forest lies the story of transformation—a quiet yet profound reminder of the potential within us all to rise, to grow, to transform, and to thrive.
Historical Context and Modern Alignment: Bridging Eastern and Western Uses
The use of Pine Pollen spans centuries, deeply rooted in the traditions of Classical Chinese Medicine (CCM). Celebrated as a tonic herb, it was renowned for its adaptogenic properties and its ability to promote longevity, vitality, and holistic well-being (Buhner, 2014; Cheng et al., 2023). In CCM, Pine Pollen was regarded as a natural ally for harmonizing the body’s balance, enhancing resilience, and nurturing both physical and spiritual vitality.
In recent decades, these traditional uses have gained renewed recognition in Western herbalism, where Pine Pollen is valued for its diverse phytotherapeutic applications. These include its role in supporting endocrine health, immune modulation, and overall wellness. This convergence of Eastern tradition and Western science underscores Pine Pollen’s enduring relevance as a bridge between ancient wisdom and modern approaches to health.
Key Applications of Pine Pollen in Western Herbalism
Pine Pollen is increasingly recognized within Western herbalism for its versatility and its ability to support essential aspects of health and wellness. Below are its primary applications within this emerging context:
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Adaptogenic Support for Stress and Longevity
Pine Pollen’s adaptogenic properties help the body respond to physical, emotional, and environmental stressors. These qualities are bolstered by its phytosterols and phytoandrogens, which enhance resilience to stress and contribute to hormonal regulation. Together with its rich antioxidant content, Pine Pollen supports sustained energy, healthy aging, and overall well-being (Mao et al., 2012; Cheng et al., 2023).
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Hormonal Support Through the Endocrine System
In Classical Chinese Medicine, Pine Pollen was traditionally used to promote hormonal balance, a practice now embraced in Western herbalism. Its phytoandrogens, including testosterone and DHEA, provide natural support for maintaining healthy androgen levels and overall endocrine function (Buhner, 2014; Saden-Krehula et al., 1971). This makes Pine Pollen an effective choice for those seeking to address energy, vitality, and reproductive health holistically.
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Adaptogenic Support for Stress and Longevity
As an adaptogen, Pine Pollen’s adaptogenic qualities help the body respond to environmental, emotional, and physical stressors. Combined with its rich antioxidant content, it supports resilience, sustained energy, and healthy aging (Mao et al., 2012; Cheng et al., 2023).
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Detoxification for Systemic Balance
Pine Pollen supports the body’s natural detoxification processes by promoting liver health and facilitating the elimination of toxins. This application is especially valued for reducing the impact of environmental toxins and maintaining internal balance (Zhou et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2023).
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Immune System Modulation
With its immune-modulating properties, Pine Pollen helps regulate immune responses, enabling the body to manage external stressors effectively. This supports resilience and equilibrium, making it an integral component of wellness routines (Geng et al., 2016; Jang et al., 2024).
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Skin Health and Restoration
Traditionally known for its restorative qualities, Pine Pollen supports skin elasticity and hydration while promoting a youthful complexion. It can be applied topically or consumed internally, offering a versatile solution for maintaining healthy skin (Zhou et al., 2023).
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Functional Food for Nutritional Support
Beyond its therapeutic uses, Pine Pollen is recognized as a nutrient-dense functional food. Its rich profile of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids provides foundational support for overall health, making it an excellent addition to daily nutrition. To learn more, see our article Nutritional Benefits of Pine Pollen (Cheng et al., 2023).
Key Health Benefits of Pine Pollen in Western Herbalism
The Key Applications section explores how Pine Pollen is used to support specific areas of health and wellness. By contrast, this section focuses on the tangible health outcomes resulting from these applications, drawing on evidence from traditional practices and modern scientific research.
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Hormone Balance and Androgen Support
Pine Pollen’s naturally occurring phytoandrogens, including testosterone and androstenedione, mimic and support the body’s hormonal functions. These compounds help sustain energy, libido, and reproductive health while promoting overall hormonal balance (Saden-Krehula et al., 1971; Buhner, 2014).
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Immune Support and Modulation
Polysaccharides in Pine Pollen enhance immune cell activity and cytokine production, fostering a balanced and responsive immune system. This helps the body adapt to external challenges and maintain resilience (Geng et al., 2016; Jang et al., 2024).
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Cardiovascular Health and Anti-Fatigue Effects
Research suggests that Pine Pollen supports cardiovascular health by contributing to healthy cholesterol levels. Its anti-fatigue properties further enhance vitality and endurance, making it beneficial for heart health (Wu, 2010).
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Anti-Inflammatory Properties
The bioactive compounds in Pine Pollen help manage inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines. These properties can provide relief for chronic conditions, such as arthritis, while promoting overall cellular health (Lee et al., 2009).
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Antioxidant Protection for Cellular Health
Rich in antioxidants like superoxide dismutase (SOD), Pine Pollen offers robust protection against oxidative stress, which can damage cells and contribute to chronic illnesses. This activity supports key organs, including the heart, liver, and brain (Zhou et al., 2018; Mao et al., 2012).
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Cognitive Support and Nootropic Benefits
Pine Pollen’s nutrient and antioxidant profile supports brain health by protecting neural tissues from oxidative stress. This may improve cognitive clarity and mental performance (Mukherjee et al., 2022).
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Detoxification and Liver Support
Pine Pollen contains glutathione, a critical antioxidant that enhances liver detoxification pathways. This contributes to systemic resilience and long-term health (Zhou et al., 2018).
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Weight Management and Muscle Development
Pine Pollen’s nutrient density and hormone-balancing properties make it an asset for weight management and physical conditioning. It supports healthy metabolism and promotes muscle growth and endurance (Buhner, 2014; Cheng et al., 2023).
Pine Pollen and Testosterone: Supporting Androgenic Hormone Health
Pine Pollen’s naturally occurring phytoandrogens have positioned it as a foundational botanical for supporting male hormone health (Buhner, 2014; Saden-Krehula et al., 1971). These plant-based compounds work harmoniously with the body’s natural hormonal processes, offering support without introducing synthetic interference. By aligning with the endocrine system’s innate rhythms, Pine Pollen provides a gentle yet effective means of promoting hormonal balance and vitality (Buhner, 2014).
Phytoandrogens and Adaptogenic Compounds in Pine Pollen
In Western herbalism, Pine Pollen is particularly celebrated for its rich concentration of androgenic phytosterols—plant-derived compounds that closely resemble human androgens in both structure and function. These phytosterols include testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androsterone, which naturally interact with the body’s regulatory systems to encourage hormonal equilibrium without causing disruption (Buhner, 2014).
Unlike synthetic or bioidentical hormones often used in pharmaceutical interventions, Pine Pollen’s phytoandrogens stimulate the body’s natural production of testosterone and other androgens. This endogenous support is essential for male health, contributing to sustained energy levels, vitality, reproductive function, and overall physical resilience (Saden-Krehula et al., 1971; Buhner, 2014).
Key Benefits of Pine Pollen for Androgenic Hormone Health
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Phytosterols and Phytoandrogens for Hormonal Support
Pine Pollen is rich in plant-derived compounds that mimic male sex hormones, including androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and androsterone. These phytosterols are renowned for their potential to support endocrine health, promote hormonal balance, and enhance vitality (Saden-Krehula et al., 1971; Buhner, 2014). By naturally complementing the body’s hormonal processes, these compounds contribute to energy, reproductive health, and overall physical resilience.
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Restoring and Maintaining Testosterone Levels
Pine Pollen supports the restoration and maintenance of healthy testosterone levels, which are essential for male vitality and overall well-being. Balanced testosterone contributes to sustained energy, emotional stability, and enhanced physical performance (Buhner, 2014; Saden-Krehula et al., 1971).
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Supporting Libido and Sexual Health
Elevated testosterone levels are strongly associated with enhanced libido and sexual function. Pine Pollen’s androgenic properties naturally reinforce the endocrine system, playing a vital role in maintaining sexual vitality and reproductive health (Buhner, 2014).
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Enhancing Muscle Growth and Bone Strength
Testosterone is a key hormone for building muscle and maintaining bone strength. By promoting the body’s natural production of testosterone, Pine Pollen helps sustain muscle growth and reduces the risk of bone-related conditions, such as osteoporosis (Buhner, 2014).
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Promoting Metabolic Efficiency
A healthy testosterone balance significantly influences metabolic function, aiding in weight management and reducing the risk of metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity. Pine Pollen offers natural support for maintaining metabolic efficiency, contributing to overall physical health and vitality (Buhner, 2014).
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Supporting Prostate Health
Pine Pollen’s detoxifying properties help protect the prostate from the effects of environmental toxins. Additionally, its anti-inflammatory compounds promote prostate function by reducing inflammation and encouraging cellular balance, supporting long-term prostate health (Buhner, 2014).
Scientific Research on Pine Pollen and Testosterone
Extensive research underscores the potential benefits of Pine Pollen in supporting male hormone health. Below are key findings from notable studies:
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Early Insights into Pine Pollen’s Proandrogenic Phytosterols
Early studies identified Pine Pollen as a significant source of phytoandrogens, including testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). These naturally occurring compounds support the body’s ability to produce and regulate androgens, fostering hormonal balance and sustained vitality (Saden-Krehula et al., 1971).
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The Anti-Aging Connection
Research highlights Pine Pollen’s role in hormone regulation and its potential anti-aging benefits. By promoting balanced hormone levels, Pine Pollen contributes to sustained energy, enhanced vitality, and a sense of rejuvenation, making it a valuable component of long-term health practices (Mao et al., 2012).
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Supporting Prostate Health and Cellular Balance
Animal studies suggest that Pine Pollen may offer therapeutic benefits for conditions such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Its anti-inflammatory and detoxifying properties help reduce prostate inflammation and promote cellular health, emphasizing its role in maintaining prostate function and overall comfort (Buhner, 2014).
For further insights into Pine Pollen’s role in hormonal health, explore our in-depth articles: Pine Pollen’s Proandrogenic and Adaptogenic Properties and Pine Pollen Tinctures and the Phytoandrogenic Hormones.
Beyond Proandrogenics: Key Research Studies on Pine Pollen
The therapeutic potential of Pine Pollen extends well beyond its support for androgenic hormone health. Below are significant findings from recent research showcasing its diverse phytotherapeutic properties:
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Anti-Aging Effects: Enhancing Cellular Health and Longevity
A study by Mao et al. (2012) examined Pine Pollen’s anti-aging potential, highlighting its ability to enhance cellular vitality through repair and regeneration. These effects are attributed to its rich profile of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and phytohormones, which work together to slow the aging process, promote cellular health, and support overall longevity.
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Immune Modulation: Strengthening the Body’s Defenses
Research by Geng et al. (2016) demonstrated Pine Pollen’s capacity to fortify the immune system. By boosting antibody production and activating key immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes, Pine Pollen enhances the body’s ability to defend against infections. Its immunomodulatory properties also help maintain balance and adaptability in the immune response, fostering resilience in the face of external stressors.
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Antioxidant Properties: Guarding Against Oxidative Stress
Zhou et al. (2018) highlighted Pine Pollen’s robust antioxidant activity, attributed to its high levels of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. By neutralizing harmful free radicals, Pine Pollen protects against oxidative stress—a major contributor to chronic illnesses. These antioxidant properties play a vital role in safeguarding cellular health and promoting overall well-being.
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Liver Protection: Supporting Detoxification and Systemic Balance
Zhou et al. (2018) also explored Pine Pollen’s hepatoprotective effects, demonstrating its ability to protect the liver from damage caused by alcohol and environmental toxins. By enhancing the liver’s detoxification pathways and reducing oxidative stress, Pine Pollen supports long-term liver health and contributes to systemic balance and resilience.
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Prostate Health: Promoting Comfort and Hormonal Balance
An experimental study cited by Buhner (2014) investigated Pine Pollen’s potential for addressing benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in animal models. Findings revealed that Pine Pollen reduced both symptoms and the size of an enlarged prostate. These benefits are thought to stem from its hormone-regulating and anti-inflammatory properties, which support cellular health and overall prostate function.
For those interested in exploring the extensive research on Pine Pollen, the Pine Pollen Academy offers detailed analyses of significant studies, providing valuable insights into its wide-ranging therapeutic applications.
Nutritional Analysis of Pine Pollen
We celebrate Pine Pollen as a premier functional food, heralded for its ability to deliver restorative nutrition alongside its adaptogenic, tonic, and proandrogenic properties. Drawing from our years of experience working with Pine Pollen, combined with a deep understanding of Western physiology, nutrition, and Chinese dietary therapy, we believe any discussion of Pine Pollen’s health benefits must emphasize its exceptional nutrient profile.
In our view, the far-reaching benefits of Pine Pollen are rooted in its restorative and reparative nutrition. By providing the body with essential building blocks, it supports vitality, balance, and overall health. Its diverse array of nutrients makes it an invaluable addition to holistic wellness routines, promoting both foundational and systemic well-being.
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Macronutrients: A Nutrient-Dense Functional Food
Pine Pollen is rich in macronutrients, offering a balanced combination of proteins, healthy fats, and carbohydrates. Its protein content, ranging from 6% to 28% depending on the species and harvesting conditions, often surpasses common protein sources like eggs and beef. This makes it an exceptional dietary choice for those seeking nutrient-dense foods (Cheng et al., 2023).
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Essential Vitamins for Vitality
Pine Pollen contains a wealth of essential vitamins, including A, B-complex, C, D, and E. Its beta-carotene content exceeds that of carrots, serving as a natural and substantial source of vitamin A without the potential risks of synthetic alternatives. Additionally, its high vitamin D content provides significant benefits for bone health, immune support, and overall well-being (Cheng et al., 2023).
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Mineral-Rich Dietary Support
As a nutrient-dense food, Pine Pollen is a potent source of essential minerals, including calcium, magnesium, zinc, and selenium. Its iron content, up to 20 times higher than that of spinach, makes it especially valuable for vegetarian and vegan diets (Cheng et al., 2023).
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Comprehensive Amino Acid Profile
Pine Pollen offers a complete spectrum of amino acids, including all nine essential amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own. Additionally, it contains six conditionally essential amino acids, which are vital under certain physiological conditions. Its amino acid composition aligns with dietary standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), underscoring its exceptional nutritional value (Cheng et al., 2023).
For an in-depth exploration of Pine Pollen’s nutritional benefits, visit our dedicated resource: Nutritional Benefits of Pine Pollen.
Integrating Pine Pollen into Your Health Practices
Pine Pollen’s remarkable versatility makes it an excellent addition to various wellness routines. Below are effective ways to incorporate this botanical into your daily life:
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Daily Use of RAW Pine Pollen™ for Foundational and Functional Nutrition
RAW Pine Pollen™ capsules and powder provide a simple and convenient way to integrate Pine Pollen into your daily routine. These forms support overall hormone health and well-being, with the flexibility to be added to smoothies, teas, or consumed with water. This ease of use makes it accessible to experience the extensive nutritional and therapeutic benefits of Pine Pollen.
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Concentrated Proandrogenic Hormonal Support with Pine Pollen Tinctures
For more targeted hormonal support, Pine Pollen tinctures offer a concentrated source of phytoandrogens. These tinctures can be taken directly or diluted in water or other beverages, providing focused support for hormone balance, vitality, and energy. This method is particularly beneficial for individuals aiming to address specific endocrine health goals.
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Synergizing Pine Pollen with Lifestyle Practices
To maximize the benefits of Pine Pollen, it is essential to pair its use with healthy lifestyle practices. A nutrient-rich diet, regular physical activity, restorative sleep, and effective stress management can significantly enhance Pine Pollen’s ability to support hormone balance and overall health. These foundational habits work in synergy with Pine Pollen to create a strong platform for long-term vitality and well-being (Buhner, 2014).
For those looking to refine their approach, our Lifestyle Approaches article collection offers practical guidance, including the article Proandrogenic Weight and Strength Training. This resource explores fitness strategies designed to complement Pine Pollen’s proandrogenic properties and amplify its effects on physical performance and hormonal health.
For additional insights and tailored advice on incorporating Pine Pollen and other herbal products into your daily routine, explore our comprehensive guide: How to Use Our Products.
Potential Side Effects and Contraindications of Pine Pollen
While Pine Pollen is generally regarded as safe for most individuals, it’s essential to remain mindful of potential side effects or allergic reactions. Below are key precautions to consider:
- Monitoring for Allergic Reactions: Individuals with sensitivities should watch for signs of an allergic reaction, such as itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing. If these symptoms occur, discontinue use immediately and seek medical attention.
- Consulting with Healthcare Providers: Before introducing any new supplement into your wellness routine, consulting with a healthcare professional is recommended—especially if you have pre-existing health conditions or are taking medications. This ensures Pine Pollen aligns with your individual health needs and circumstances.
- Understanding Contraindications: Those with known allergies to pine or pollen should avoid using Pine Pollen. Additionally, individuals who are pregnant or breastfeeding should consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating Pine Pollen into their regimen to ensure its safety.
For further details on potential allergies, contraindications, and safe usage guidelines, please refer to our comprehensive resource: Pine Pollen Allergies, Contraindications, and Safety.
Final Thoughts
The integration of Pine Pollen into Western herbalism underscores its enduring legacy rooted in Eastern traditions. For centuries, Classical Chinese Medicine has celebrated Pine Pollen for its ability to promote longevity, vitality, and holistic health. Today, it is equally recognized in the West for its potential to support hormone health, bolster the immune system, and foster overall well-being.
Much like the pine tree—a symbol of renewal and transformation—Pine Pollen carries an essence that invigorates and rejuvenates human health. As the tree releases its golden pollen to blanket the forest floor, it reminds us of the cycles of nature and the opportunity to embrace Pine Pollen as a nature-crafted tonic that reconnects us with our inner resilience and nurtures our well-being.
Incorporating Pine Pollen into daily routines unlocks its rich spectrum of nutrients and phytosterols, which support the body’s natural functions and promote optimal health. Acting as an internal tonic, Pine Pollen helps bridge nutritional gaps, enabling our innate vitality to flourish.
While our understanding of Pine Pollen is already significant, much remains to be explored. Ongoing research continues to uncover new insights into its mechanisms of action, therapeutic applications, and long-term benefits. As this knowledge evolves, so too does the potential to discover innovative ways to enhance health and well-being through the remarkable properties of Pine Pollen.
Further Reading and Resources
Return to the Pine Pollen Academy
Selected References and Citations
Buhner, S. (2014). Natural Remedies for Low Testosterone: How to Enhance Male Sexual Health and Energy. Storey Publishing.
Cheng, Y., Wang, Z., Quan, W., Xue, C., Qu, T., Wang, T., Chen, Q., Wang, Z., Zeng, M., Qin, F., Chen, J., & He, Z. (2023). Pine pollen: A review of its chemical composition, health effects, processing, and food applications. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 138, 599-614.
Dong, W., Zhang, H., Huang, H., Zhou, J., Hu, L., Lian, A., Zhu, L., Ma, N., Yang, P., Wei, K., & Zhu, R. (2016). Chicken IgY Fc linked to Bordetella avium ompA and Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide adjuvant enhances macrophage function and specific immune responses. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1708.
Geng, Y., Xing, L., Sun, M., & Su, F. (2016). Immunomodulatory effects of sulfated polysaccharides of pine pollen on mouse macrophages. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 91, 846-855.
Jang, S., Kim, S., Kim, S. J., Kim, J. Y., Gu, D. H., So, B. R., Ryu, J. A., Park, J. M., Yoon, S. R., & Jung, S. K. (2024). Innate immune-enhancing effect of Pinus densiflora pollen extract via NF-κB pathway activation. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 34(3), 644–653.
Lee, K. H., Kim, A. J., & Choi, E. M. (2009). Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of pine pollen extract in vitro. Phytotherapy Research, 23(1), 41–48.
Liang, S. B., Liang, N., Bu, F. L., Lai, B. Y., Zhang, Y. P., Cao, H. J., Fei, Y. T., Robinson, N., & Liu, J. P. (2020). The potential effects and use of Chinese herbal medicine pine pollen (Pinus pollen): A bibliometric analysis of pharmacological and clinical studies. World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 6(2), 163–170.
Ma, D., Wang, Z., He, Z., Wang, Z., Chen, Q., Qin, F., Zeng, M., & Chen, J. (2023). Pine pollen extract alleviates ethanol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HepG2 cells via MAPK signaling. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 171, 113550.
Mao, G. X., Zheng, L. D., Cao, Y. B., Chen, Z. M., Lv, Y. D., Wang, Y. Z., Hu, X. L., Wang, G. F., & Yan, J. (2012). Antiaging effect of pine pollen in human diploid fibroblasts and in a mouse model induced by D-galactose. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2012, 750963.
Mukherjee, A., Gaurav, A. K., Singh, S., Yadav, S., Bhowmick, S., Abeysinghe, S., & Verma, J. P. (2022). The bioactive potential of phytohormones: A review. Biotechnology Reports, 35, e00748.
Niu, X., Shang, H., Chen, S., Chen, R., Huang, J., Miao, Y., Cui, W., Wang, H., Sha, Z., Peng, D., & Zhu, R. (2021). Effects of Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharides on intestinal microenvironment and colitis in mice. Food & Function, 12, 252-266.
Saden-Krehula, M., Tajić, M., & Kolbah, D. (1971). Testosterone, epitestosterone and androstenedione in the pollen of Scotch pine P. silvestris L. Experientia, 27(1), 108–109.
Tao, C., Jin, X.-Y., Zhao, L., Ma, L., Li, R.-S., Zhao, P., & Guo, C.-J. (2015). Anti-fibrotic effects of the Masson pine pollen aqueous extract on hepatic fibrosis rat model. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, 8(5), 4651-4661.
Yu, W., Song, C., Lei, Z., Li, Y., He, X., Yu, J., & Yang, X. (2023). Anti-fatigue effect of traditional Chinese medicines: A review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 31(4), 597–604Yu, W., Song, C., Lei, Z., Li, Y., He, X., Yu, J., & Yang, X. (2023).
Anti-fatigue effect of traditional Chinese medicines: A review. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 31(4), 597–604.
Zhou, C., Yang, Q., Chen, L., Fang, K., Lu, X., Song, X., & Sun, L. (2023). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pine pollen extract promote wound healing. Materials Express.
Zhou, C., Yin, S., Yu, Z., Feng, Y., Wei, K., Ma, W., Ge, L., Yan, Z., & Zhu, R. (2018). Preliminary characterization, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of polysaccharides from Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen. Molecules, 23(2), 281.
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